Clinical Manifestations of Vertigo

Clinical manifestations in patients with vertigo is spinning feeling that is sometimes accompanied by symptoms of nausea, vomiting, severe headache taste, appetite down, tired, pale tongue with sticky white membrane, weak pulse, headache (dizziness), blurred vision, tinnitus, mouth bitter, red eyes, irritability, restlessness, red tongue with thin membrane.

Vertigo patients will complain if the position of head turns on its specific circumstances. Patients will feel rotating or spinning around him feel when going to bed, rolling from side to side, get out of bed in the morning, reaching something high or if the head is moved to the back. Vertigo usually lasts only 5-10 seconds. Sometimes accompanied by nausea and patients often feel anxious. Patients are usually able to recognize this situation and try to avoid it by not doing movements that can cause vertigo. Vertigo is not going to happen if the head upright or rotated axially without extension, in a majority of patients, vertigo will diminish and eventually cease spontaneously within a few days or a few months, but can sometimes be as much as several years.

In the anamnesis, the patient complained of head feels dizzy, spinning on changes in head position with a certain position. Clinically vertigo occurs in changes in head position and will be reduced and eventually stopped spontaneously after some time. On ENT examination is generally not found significant abnormalities, and the caloric test no canal paresis.

Position test can help diagnose vertigo, it is best to Hallpike maneuver: the patient sitting upright, his head is held on both sides by the examiner, then head dropped suddenly as he turned to one side. In this test we will get the position nystagmus symptoms:

Vertigo sufferers will feel the sensation of movement such as spinning, either himself or the environment.
Nausea incredible.
Frequent vomiting as a result of nausea.
Abnormal eye movements.
Suddenly a cold sweat.
Was ringing in the ears frequently.
Have difficulty talking.
Have difficulty walking due to feel the sensation of spinning motion.
In certain circumstances, the patient may also experience vision disorder.

10 Causes of Pressure Sores

Braden and Bergstrom (2000) developed a scheme for describing the risk factors for the occurrence of pressure sores. There are two main things that relate to the risk of pressure sores, the pressure factor and tissue tolerance. Factors that influence the duration and intensity of pressure on the protruding bone is immobility, inactivity, and decreased sensory perception. While the factors that affect tissue tolerance divided into two factors : extrinsic and intrinsic factors.

1. Intrinsic factors: aging (weak cell regeneration), number of diseases that cause such as diabetes, nutritional status, underweight or overweight, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, neurological diseases and diseases that damage the blood vessels, state of hydration / body fluids.

2. Extrinsic factors: Cleanliness bed, weaving tools are matted and dirty, or medical equipment that causes sufferers fixed on a certain attitude, a poor Sitting, improper position, position changes less. Below is an explanation of each of these factors:

Cleanliness of the beds, weaving tools are matted and dirty, or medical equipment that causes sufferers fixed on a certain attitude, a poor Sitting, improper position, position changes less. Below is an explanation of each of these factors:

1. Mobility and activity
Mobility is the ability to change and control the position of the body, while the activity is the ability to move. Patients who continue to lie in bed without being able to change the position of high risk for developing pressure sores. Immobility is the most significant factor in the incidence of pressure sores.

2) Decrease in sensory perception
Patients with decreased sensory perception of decreased sensation to feel the pain caused by pressure on the protruding bone. When this happens in a long duration, the patient will be susceptible to pressure sores.

3. Humidity
Moisture caused by incontinence can result in tissue maceration on the skins. Tissue maceration experience will be susceptible to erosion. In addition it also resulted in moisture prone skin friction and tearing tissue (shear). Faecal incontinence is more significant in the development of pressure sores than urinary incontinence because the bacteria and enzymes in the stool can damage the surface of the skin.

4. Tearing energy (shear)
A mechanical force that stretch and tear the tissue, blood vessels and the deeper tissue structures adjacent to the protruding bone. The most common example of this is the force that ripped when the patient is positioned in a semi-Fowler position in excess of 30 degrees. In this position, the patient can be dropped down, thus resulting in the bones to move downward, but her skin is still lagging. This can lead to occlusion of blood vessels, as well as damage to internal tissue such as muscle, but caused little damage to the skin surface.

5. Friction
Friction occurs when two surfaces move in the opposite direction. Friction can cause abrasion and damage the surface of the skin epidermis. Friction could occur when changing bed linen patients who are not careful.

6. Nutrition
Hypoalbuminemia, weight loss, and malnutrition is generally identified as a predisposing factor for the occurrence of pressure sores. According to research Guenter (2000) stage three and four of the cuts hit the parents associated with weight loss, low albumin levels, and inadequate food intake.

7. Age
Older patients have a high risk of developing pressure sores because the skin and tissue will change with aging. Aging result in muscle loss, decreased serum albumin levels, decreased inflammatory response, decreased skin elasticity, as well as decrease the cohesion between the epidermis and dermis. This change combined with other aging factors will make the skin become less tolerance to pressure, friction, and energy tearing.

8. Arteriolar pressure is low
Arteriolar pressure is low will reduce skin tolerance to pressure so that the low pressure application is able to cause tissue to ischemia. Studies conducted by Nancy Bergstrom (1992) found that the systolic pressure and low diastolic pressure contribute to the development of pressure sores.

9. Emotional stress
Depression and chronic emotional stress such as in psychiatric patients is also a risk factor for the development of pressure sores.

10. Skin temperature
According to the research Sugama (1992) an increase in temperature is a significant factor in the risk of pressure sores. According to the research, other important factors that also influence the risk of pressure sores is the interface pressure). Interfacial pressure is force per unit area between the body surface of the mat. If the interfacial tension is greater than the average capillary pressure, the capillaries will easily collapse, the area becomes easier to ischemia and necrotic. Average capillary pressure is about 32 mmHg. According to research Sugama (2000) and Suriadi (2003) high-pressure interface is a significant factor for the development of pressure sores. Interface pressure is measured by placing a pressure gauge interface (pad pressure evaluator) between the depressed area with a mattress.

Source : http://nursing-diagnosis-intervention.blogspot.com/2013/08/10-causes-of-pressure-sores.html

Nursing Diagnosis - Acute Pain related to Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes. Is a major cause of acute excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen.

Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury, burns, or severe infections. Gastritis may also occur in those who have had weight loss surgery resulting in ribbon or reconstruction of the gastrointestinal tract.

Cause of chronic gastritis is infection with bacteria, primarily Helicobacter pylori''''. Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.

The most common symptom is abdominal upset or pain. Other symptoms are indigestion, flatulence, nausea, and vomiting.

Some people may have a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen. A gastroscopy, blood test, complete blood count tests, or stool tests can be used to diagnose gastritis. Treatment includes taking antacids or other medications, such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods. For those with pernicious anemia, B12 injections are given.

Nursing Diagnosis - Acute Pain related to Gastritis

Acute Pain related to inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach (gastric)

Goal:

Pain is reduced with no inflammation or irritation of the gastric mucosa.

Outcomes:

Pain scale is reduced
Do not feel pain in the epigastric
Not grimace (no abdominal tenderness)

Interventions:

Record complaints of pain, including the location, duration, intensity (scale of 0-10)
Review the factors that increase or decrease pain
Give food a little but often as an indication for patients
Assistive range of motion exercises active / passive
Provide frequent oral care and comfort measures (back massage, change of positions)

Collaboration:

Give medication as indicated

Rational:

Pain is not always there but if there is to be compared with the previous patient's symptoms of pain, which can help diagnose the etiology and occurrence of bleeding complications.
Assist in making the diagnosis and therapeutic needs.
Have the effect of neutralizing acidic foods, it also destroyed the womb gaster.Makan little gastrin prevent distension and output
Lowering joint stiffness, pain minimizing discomfort.
Bad breath because tertahanya oral secretions cause no appetite and can increase nausea. Gingivitis and dental problems can increase

Self-Care Deficit - NCP Stroke

Nursing Diagnosis for Stroke

Stroke is a clinical syndrome that initial sudden onset, rapid progression, a focal neurological deficits and / or global, which lasted 24 hours or more or the direct cause of death, and solely caused by circulatory disorders non-traumatic brain. When the brain's circulatory disorder lasts a while, a few seconds to several hours (mostly 10-20 minutes), but less than 24 hours, referred to as the face of brain ischemia attack (TIA = transient attack ischamia).

Types of stroke

There are two main causes of strokes:

ischaemic (accounting for over 80% of all cases) – the blood supply is stopped due to a blood clot
haemorrhagic – a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts and causes brain damage

Treatment of stroke

Treatment depends on the type of stroke you have, including which part of the brain was affected and what caused it.

Most often, strokes are treated with medicines. This generally includes drugs to prevent and remove blood clots, reduce blood pressure and reduce cholesterol levels.

In some cases, surgery may be required. This is to clear fatty deposits in your arteries or to repair the damage caused by a haemorrhagic stroke.

Nursing Diagnosis for Stroke : Self-care deficit related to physical weakness

NOC: Self Care Assistance (bathing, dressing, eating, toileting).

Goal: The client can meet the needs of self-care

Outcomes:
Clients are free from odor, can feed themselves, and dress himself.

NIC: Self Care
1. Observation of the client's ability to bathe, dress and eat.
2. Assist the client in a sitting position, make sure the head and shoulders upright for eating and 1 hour after meals.
3. Avoid exhaustion before eating, bathing and dressing.
4. Encourage clients to continue to eat little but often.

Rational:
1. By using direct intervention to determine appropriate interventions for clients.
2. Seated position helps prevent ingestion and aspiration.
3. Improve energy conservation and activity tolerance improved self-care ability.
4. To increase appetite.

Types, Causes and Symptoms of Vertigo

Disease which is also called vestibulars disorders are health problems associated with our balance system, usually the symptoms is feeling spinning (like falling), ear buzzing and sometimes with nausea.

Basically vertigo is a complaint, not a disease. However, this complaint could be a sign of serious illness. So, although not a disease, vertigo should not be underestimated. Vertigo can be a sign of diseases like brain tumor, hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes mellitus (diabetes), heart, and kidneys. The earlier vertigo will be handled more quickly be overcome.

Types of vertigo

Vertigo is classified into two categories based on the damaged vestibular channels, namely peripheral vertigo and central vertigo. Vestibular canal is one of the organs of the inner ear that always sends information to the brain about the position of the body to maintain balance.

Peripheral vertigo occurs if there is interference on a channel called semicircular canal, the middle ear in charge of controlling the balance.

This type of vertigo is usually followed by symptoms such as:

dark outlook
fatigue and decreased stamina
palpitations
loss of balance
unable to concentrate
feeling like a hangover
muscle pain
nausea and vomiting
memory and thinking power to decline
sensitive to bright light and sound
sweat

While central vertigo occurs if there is something not normal in the brain, especially in the balance nerve, the area of the brain and cerebellum branching (small brain). Central vertigo symptoms usually occur gradually, the patient will experience things like:

double vision
hard to swallow
paralysis of the facial muscles
severe headache
impaired consciousness
not speechless
loss of coordination
nausea and vomiting
body feels weak

Causes and Symptoms

Complaints usually come sudden vertigo, followed by clinical symptoms of discomfort such as sweating, nausea, and vomiting. Factors causing vertigo are: systemic, neurologic, ophtalmologik, otolaryngology, psychogenic.

Vertigo is often caused by a disturbance in the area centered balance labyrinth or the cochlea in the ear cavity. Possible causes of vertigo include:

Infections such as influenza virus that attacks the maze area.
Bacterial infection in the middle ear.
Arthritis in the neck area.
Migraine attack.
Too little blood circulation, causing blood flow to decrease brain balance centers.
Drunk vehicle.
Alcohol and certain drugs.

Ineffective Airway Clearance related to Bronchopneumonia

Nursing Care Plan for Bronchopneumonia

Ineffective Airway Clearance : Inability to clear secretions or obstructions from the respiratory tract to maintain a clear airway

Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs, caused by infection from viruses, bacteria, or fungi. The infection causes inflammation in the alveoli (also known as air sacs) in the lungs, causing the alveoli to become filled with pus or fluid.

Both forms of pneumonia are often caused by coming into contact with viruses and bacteria in your day-to-day routine. Most cases of bacterial pneumonia are caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia; however, it is not uncommon for pneumonia to be caused by more than one type of bacteria. Other possible culprits include:

Staphylococcus aureus
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae

Most cases of viral pneumonia are caused by the same viruses that cause cold and flu.

Nursing Diagnosis for Bronchopneumonia

Ineffective Airway clearance related to increased sputum production

Subjective Data

Patients complain of fuss
Patients complain of shortness of breath
Patients do not want to eat
Parents expressed not understand about his illness

Objective Data

Breathing fast and shallow
Nostril breathing
Ronchi and cyanosis
Coughing purulent sputum
The use of auxiliary respiratory muscles
Breath sounds bronchovesikuler
vomiting vomiting
Malaise
Decreased appetite and weight loss
Increased respiration

Goals:

Clean and effective airway after the treatment, the criteria:

No dypsnoe, cyanosis, Ronchi
BGA mormal

Intervention:

Assess the respiratory rate, record the ratio of inspiration / expiration.
Perform auscultation of breath sounds, note the presence of breath sounds. For example: wheezing, crackles.
Provide semi-Fowler position.
Provide a warm drink a little bit but it often.
Implement the discretionary actions: bronchodilator, mucolytics, to liquefy phlegm so easily removed.

Rational:

Tachypnea is usually present in some degree and can be found at the reception or during stress / presence of acute infectious process. Respiratory frequency can be slowed down and elongated than the expiration of inspiration.
Airway clearance ineffective may be manifested in the presence of breath sounds adventisius.
Semi-Fowler position will make it easier for patients to breathe.
Hydration decrease the viscosity of secretions and facilitate expenditure.
Provision of medicines pengerncer sputum airway facilitate the evacuation process.

Pathophysiology of Thyroid Carcinoma

Thyroid Carcinoma usually capture radioactive iodine than normal thyroid gland located around the perimeter. Therefore, when done scintiscan, nodules will appear as an area with less decision, a cold lesion. Other diagnostic techniques that can be used for differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules are thyroid echography. This technique allows to distinguish carefully between the mass of solid and cystic masses. Thyroid carcinoma is usually solid, while the cystic mass is usually a benign cyst.

Thyroid carcinoma should be suspected based on clinical signs if there is only one palpable nodules, hard, basically can not be moved, and is associated with satellite lymphadenopathy.

In general it was agreed that clinical thyroid cancer can be divided into a large group of well differentiated neoplasm with a slow growth rate and high probability of healing, and a small group of anaplastic tumor with possible fatal. There are four types of thyroid cancer according to morphologic and biological: papillary, folikularis, medularis, and anaplastic. (Price, 1995, p: 1078)

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is usually a hard nodule, single, "cold" on the isotope scan, and "solid" on thyroid ultrasonography, which is very different from other parts of the gland. At multinodular goiter, cancer is a "dominant nodule" bigger, louder and clearer than the surrounding parts. Approximately 10% of papillary carcinomas, especially in children, with enlarged cervical lymph nodes, but careful inspection will usually reveal nodule "cold" on the thyroid. Rarely, will hemorrhage, necrosis and cyst formation in malignant nodules but on thyroid ultrasonography, there will be clearly bounded internal echo is useful for semi malignant cystic lesions of "pure cyst" is not malignant. Finally, papillary carcinoma can be found accidentally as a fakus microscopic cancer in the middle of the gland removed for other reasons such as: Graves' disease or multinodular goiter.

Microscopically, the tumor consists of a single layer of thyroid cells organized in "vascular stalk", by highlighting papil into microscopic spaces such as cysts. Nucleus of the cell and often pale nucleus containing inclusion bodies intra clear as glass san. Approximately 40% of papillary carcinoma forming a layered spheres classification, often at the end of both the optic disc bulge called "psammoma body", is usually diagnostic for papillary carcinoma. This cancer is usually spread by metastasis in the glands and the thyroid gland invasion and local lymph nodes. In elderly patients, they can be more aggressive and invade locally into the muscle and trachea. In stage further, they can spread to the lungs. Death is usually due to local disease, with invasion into the neck, more rarely death could disebabka extensive pulmonary metastases. In some elderly patients, a papillary carcinoma that grows slowly will begin to grow rapidly and turn into anaplastic carcinoma. Further anaplastic changes are the cause of death other than papillary carcinoma, papillary carcinoma secreting many thyroglobulin, which can be used as a sign of recurrence or metastasis of cancer.

Follicular carcinoma is characterized by the persistence of small follicles, although the formation of colloidal bad. Indeed, follicular carcinoma can not be distinguished from follicular adenomas except with capsule invasion or vascular invasion. The tumor is slightly more aggressive than papillary carcinoma and spreads either by local invasion or lymph node invasion of blood vessels accompanied by distant metastases to bone or lung. Microscopically, these cells are cuboidal shaped with large nuclei were irregular around the follicle, often containing colloid. These tumors are often still have the ability to concentrate radioactive iodine to form tiroglubulin and rarely, to synthesize T3 and T4. Thus, the function of thyroid cancer that is almost always a rare follicular carcinoma. This characteristic makes these tumors more it is likely to give good results against radioactive iodine treatment. In patients who were not treated, death due to local extension or distant metastases as the flow of blood to the extensive involvement of the bones, lungs, and viscera.

A variant of follicular carcinoma is carcinoma "Hurthle cell" which is characterized by cells individually with a huge pink cytoplasm contains mitochondria. They behave more like papillary carcinoma are rare unless they radioiodin uptake. Mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma is more like papillary carcinoma. Thyroglobulin secretion produced by follicular carcinoma can be used to follow the course of the disease.

Medullary carcinoma is a disease of the cell C (parafolikular cells) derived from primary branchial body and capable of secreting calcitonin, histaminase, prostaglandins, serotonir, and other peptides. In mikoroskopis, tumor composed of layers of cells separated by a substance that stained with red. Amyloid consists of a chain of calcitonin fibrils that are arranged in a pattern or contrast with other forms of amyloid, which can have a light chain immunoglobulins or other proteins that are deposited with a pattern Fibri.

Medullary carcinoma is more aggressive than papillary or follicular carcinomas but not as aggressive as undifferentiated thyroid cancer. This extends locally to the lymph nodes and into the surrounding muscle and trachea. Can lymphatic and vascular invasion and metastasisi to the lungs, and calcitonin viscera, and carsinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is secreted by the tumor is of clinical signs that help the diagnosis and follow-up. Approximately one-third are familial medullary carcinoma, involving multiple nodes (Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II = MEN II, Sipple syndrome). MEN II is characterized by medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and multiple neuromas on the tongue, lips, and intestines. Approximately one-third of cases of malignancy dalah alone. If medullary carcinoma at diagnosis with fine-needle aspiration biopsy or during surgery, it is important for patients examined other endocrine disorders encountered in MEN II and members examined for the presence of medullary carcinoma and MEN II. Measurement of serum calcitonin after pentagastrin stimulation or infusion of calcium can be used to screen for medullary carcinoma. Pentagastrin administered intravenously in the form of bolus 0.5 mg / kg, and venous blood samples were taken at minutes 1, 3, 5, and 10. Abnormal increase in serum calcitonin in minutes to 3 or 5 is indicative of malignancy. MEN IIA gene has been localized to chromosome 10, and it is now possible to use checks and polymorphic DNA fragment length polymorphism is limited to the identification of this syndrome gene career. So the family members who carry this gene can be identified and examined as a high risk for the onset of this syndrome.

Anaplastic carcinoma, undifferentiated thyroid gland tumors including small cell carcinoma, giant cells, and spindle cells. It usually occurs in elderly patients with a long history of goiter in which the nodes of a sudden within a few weeks or months started to grow and produce pressure symptoms, dysphagia or vocal cord paralysis, death due to local expansion which usually occurs within 6-36 months . These tumors are highly resistant to treatment.

Nursing Interventions for Acute Tonsillitis

Acute tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils is still mild. Inflammation of the tonsils in children is almost always involve the surrounding organs so that the infection of the pharynx is usually also the tonsils, so called as tonsillopharyngitis.

Signs and symptoms of Acute Tonsillitis are:

Sore throat
Pain swallow
Difficulty in swallowing
Fever
Nausea
Anorexia
Swollen neck lymph nodes
Pharyngeal hyperemia
Pharyngeal edema
Enlarged tonsils
Tonsil hyperemia
Halitosis
Otalgia (ear pain)
Malaise

Nursing Interventions for Acute Tonsillitis

1. Hyperthermia related to inflammatory processes in the tonsils

Intervention:

Monitor your child's temperature (degrees and patterns), note the presence of shivering.
Monitor the temperature of the environment.
Limit the use of linen, clothing worn clients.
Give warm compresses.
Give plenty of fluids (1500 - 2000 cc / day).
Collaboration of antipyretics.

2. Acute pain related to swelling of the tonsils

Intervention:

Monitor the client's pain (scale, intensity, depth, frequency).
Assess vital signs.
Provide a comfortable position.
Give relaxation techniques with a long deep breath through your nose and release it slowly through your mouth.
Give a distraction technique to distract the child.
Collaboration of analgesics.

3. Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements related to related to the existence of anorexia

Intervention:

Assess conjungtiva, sclera, skin turgor.
Weigh weight each day.
Provide food in a warm state.
Provide food in small portions but often serve food in the form of interest.
Increase comfort when eating environment.
Collaboration of appetite enhancer vitamins.

4. Activity intolerance related to weakness

Intervention:

Assess the client's ability to perform activities.
Observation of fatigue in the activity.
Monitor vital signs before, during and after the activity.
Provide a quiet environment.
Increase activity as tolerated clients.

5. Disturbed Sensory Perception: hearing related to obstruction

Intervention:

Review the client's hearing loss.
Do ear irrigation.
Speak clearly and slowly.
Use the white board / paper to communicate if there is difficulty in communicating.
Collaboration audiometric examination.
Collaboration of ear drops.

Nursing Diagnosis for Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is a depressing malignancy in thyroid which has 4 types, namely: papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic. Thyroid cancer rarely causes enlargement of the gland, often causing small growth (nodule) in the gland. The majority of thyroid nodules are benign, thyroid cancer is usually curable.

Thyroid cancer often limits the ability to absorb iodine and limit the ability to produce thyroid hormone, but sometimes produce enough thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid cancer occurs in the cells of the thyroid gland (an organ shaped like a butterfly located on the nape of the neck), which serves to produce hormones to regulate the speed of the heart beat, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.

According to WHO, malignant epithelial thyroid tumors are divided into:

1. Follicular carcinoma.
There are roughly 25% of all thyroid carcinomas exist, especially regarding the age group above 50 years. Invade the bloodstream and then spread to the bone and lung tissue. Rarely spread to regional lymph nodes but can be attached / stuck in the trachea, neck muscles, and blood vessels of the skin, which then causes dyspnea and dysphagia. When the tumor on "The recurrent laryngeal Nerves", a hoarse voice clients. The prognosis is good if metastasenya still a bit by the time the diagnosis is set.

2. Papillary carcinoma.
Is a type of thyroid cancer that is often found, a lot of women or the age group above 40 years. Papillary carcinoma is a tumor that progress has been slow and can appear many years before spreading to regional lymph nodes. When the tumor is localized in the thyroid gland, the prognosis is good if the action Thyroidectomy partial or total.

3. Medullary carcinoma.
Parafolikular arising in thyroid tissue. Amount of 5-10% of all thyroid carcinomas and generally the people aged over 50 years. Spread through the lymph nodes and invade surrounding structures. These tumors often occur and are part of the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Type II which is also part of the endocrine disease, where there is excessive secretion of calcitonin, ACTH, prostaglandin and serotonin.

4. Poorly differentiated carcinoma (anaplastic).
Tumor is growing quickly and outstanding aggressive. This type of cancer is directly attacking adjacent structures, which cause symptoms such as:

Stridor (sound raspy / hoarse, loud audible breath sounds).
Hoarseness.
Dysphagia

The prognosis is poor and most of the clients died about 1 year after diagnosis set. Clients with a diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma can be treated with palliative surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

Etiology of the disease is uncertain, whose role is to occur particularly well differentiated (papillary and follicular) are radiation and endemic goiter, and for medullary type is a genetic factor. Carcinoma who have not known a role for anaplastic and medullary cancers. Estimated cancer types derived from anaplastic thyroid cancer changes berdiferensia good (papillary and follicular), with the possibility of the follicular type twice as large.

Radiation is one of the etiologic factors of thyroid cancer. Many cases of cancer in children previously received radiation to the head and neck due to other diseases. Radiation effects usually appear after 5-25 years, but an average of 9-10 years. The old TSH stimulation is also one of etiological factors of thyroid cancer. Other risk factors are a family history of thyroid cancer and chronic goiter.

There are also factors such as genetic abnormalities predisposisilainnya, age, sex, race, and place of residence (coastal area).

Clinical suspicion of thyroid carcinoma is based on the observation that was confirmed by pathological examination and suspicion are divided into high, medium and low. Which includes high suspicion are:

Multiple endocrine neoplasia history in the family.
Rapid tumor growth.
Hard palpable nodules.
Fixation surrounding area.
Paralysis of the vocal cords.
Enlargement of regional lymph nodes.
The presence of distant metastases.

Nursing Diagnosis for Thyroid Cancer

Ineffective airway clearance related to obstruction of the trachea by the pressure of the tumor mass
Acute pain related to the pressure / swelling by tumor nodule
Impaired verbal communication related to vocal cord injury
Anxiety related to changes in health
Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements related to swallowing disorders
Disturbed Body Image related to the incision secondary to thyroid cancer surgery
Knowledge Deficit related to lack of information about the disease.

Nursing Care Plan for Cerebral Palsy

Assessment

Assess the mother's pregnancy history
Assess history of childbirth
Identification of children who are at risk
Assess the child irritable, difficulty in eating / swallowing, delayed development of normal children, the development of less movement, abnormal posture, lack of movement development, abnormal posture, persistent infant reflexes, ataxic, lack of muscle tone.
Monitor response to child's play
Assess intellectual functioning
No muscle coordination when performing movement (loss of balance)
Stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticas)
Difficulty chewing, swallowing and sucking, and difficulty speaking.
body shaking
Difficulty moving exactly like menulus or pressing a button.
Children with cerebral palsy may have additional problems, including the following: seizures, problems with vision and hearing as well as in speaking, there are learning disabilities and behavioral disorders, mental retardation, problems related to respiratory problems, problems in defecation and waste little water, and there are re-shape abnormalities such as scoliosis.
Past medical history: premature birth, and birth trauma.
History of present illness: muscle weakness, mental retardation, severe disorders-hypotonia, Throwing / Suction eating, impaired speech / voice, visual and hearing.

Subjective data :

Parents say that when pregnant mothers experienced tooplasmosis, their children's growth rather late.
Parents say son can not walk seendiri, can not feed themselves, can not brush your teeth with help.
Parents also say that children can not do the things kids his age do.
Parents feel the burden of caring for their children and embarrassed by her condition. Parents worried about their future.

Objective data :

Test results showed the body feel warm.
Sweat a lot
There are involuntary movements (not coordinated)
posture opistotonik
Children difficulty to eat
Often ceguken, and irritabel.

Nursing Care Plan for Cerebral Palsy - Nursing Diagnosis

Hypertermia
Risk for injury
Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements
Impaired verbal communication
Activity intolerance
Delayed growth and development
Knowledge deficit
Ineffective breathing pattern

Abdominal Typhoid - Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestation of Abdominal Typhoid

Clinical manifestations of abdominal typhoid in adult patients is usually more severe than in children. Average incubation period of 10-20 days. The shortest 4 days if the infection through food, whereas the longest up to 30 days if the infection through drink. During the incubation period found that prodromal symptoms of feeling unwell, lethargy, headache, dizziness, decreased appetite, and not excited.

Clinical symptoms commonly found are:
1. Fever.
In the typical case the fever lasts 3 weeks. Remitens and is febrile temperature is not too high. During the first week, body temperature gradually rose faithful day, usually down in the morning and rose again in the afternoon and evening. In the second week the patient continues to be in a state of fever. In the third week and the body temperature gradually fall back to normal by the end of the fourth week.

2. Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
In the mouth there is a smell of bad breath (halitosis), dry lips and chapped (rhagaden). Tongue covered with dirty white membrane (coated tongue), reddish tongue tip and edges, often accompanied by tremors. Abdominal bloating discovered circumstances (meteorismus). Enlarged liver and spleen pain accompanied palpability. Defecation usually constipation, may be normal and sometimes diarrhea.

3. Disorders of consciousness.
Generally, patients with decreased consciousness, although not in, that is apathetic to somnolence, sopor rare, coma or restless (except severe illness and delayed treatment).

4. Besides the above symptoms, on the back or limbs can be found roseola, which is reddish spots due to emboli bacilli in skin capillaries are mainly found in the first week of fever. Sometimes also found bradycardia and epistaxis.

Pathophysiology of Abdominal Typhoid

Foods or beverages that have been contaminated by the bacteria Salmonella typhosa into the stomach, then escapes from the stomach's defense system, then enter the small intestine, spleen follicles go through kesaluran systemic lymphatic and blood circulation, resulting in bacteremia. Bacteremia first attack Endoteleal reticulo Systems (RES) are: liver, spleen and bone, then later on all organs in the body such as the central nervous system, kidneys and spleen tissue. Bile produced by the liver into the gallbladder, causing cholecystitis. Bile will go into the duodenum and the high virulence of the bacteria will infect the intestine back especially illeum which will form part of the oval and the ulcer. Entry of bacteria into the intestine occurs in the first week with signs and symptoms of body temperature fluctuates in particular the temperature will go up at night and will decrease late morning. Fever that occurred in this period is called intermittent fever (high temperature, up and down and the downs can reach normal). Besides an increase in body temperature, will also happen obstipation, as a result of decreased motility temperature, but this is not always the case can also occur otherwise. Once past the initial phase of intestinal bacteria, then enter the systemic circulation with a sign of increased body temperature is very high and signs of infection in the RES as upper right abdominal pain, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. In the next week where Focal Intestinal infections occur with signs of body temperature remains high, but the value is lower than the phase of bacteremia and continuous (continuous fever), dirty tongue, the tongue edge hyperemia, decreased peristalsis, impaired digestion and absorption so that it will occurred distension, diarrhea and patients feel uncomfortable, this may occur during intestinal bleeding, perforation and peritonitis with severe abdominal distension sign, decreased peristalsis even disappear, melena, syock and loss of consciousness.

Nursing Diagnosis Intervention