Signs and Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders : Motor Behavior

Aspects of life including impulse, motivation, hope, encouragement, instinct and craving, as expressed by one's behavior or motor activity.

1. Echopraxia : Echopraxia is the involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions.

2. Catatonia : motor abnormalities in non-organic disorders (as opposed to a disturbance of consciousness and motor activity of secondary organic pathology).

Catalepsy : a general term for a position that does not move continuously maintained.
Catatonic furor : agitated motor activity, not intended and are not influenced by external stimulation.
Catatonic stupor : a real decrease in motor activity, often to the point of immobility and seemed unaware of surroundings.
Catatonic Rigidity : acceptance of a rigid posture conscious, against attempts to be moved.
Catatonic posturing : acceptance inappropriate posture or rigid conscious, usually maintained for a long time.
Flexibility cerea (waxy flexibility) : Waxy flexibility is a psychomotor symptom of catatonic schizophrenia which leads to a decreased response to stimuli and a tendency to remain in an immobile posture.

3. Negativism : detention without motivation against any attempt to move or to all instructions.

4. Cataplexy : cataplexy is a sudden and transient episodes of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness, typically triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, terror, etc.

5. Stereotypies : A stereotypy is a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance. Stereotypies may be simple movements such as body rocking, or complex, such as self - caressing, crossing and uncrossing of legs, and marching in place.

6. Mannerism : the movement is not realized, and are habitual.

7. Automatism : action or automatic actions that usually represents a symbolic activity that is not realized.

8. Command automatism : automatism follow the suggestion (also called automatic compliance).

9. Mutism : silent without structural abnormalities .

10. Overactivity :

Psychomotor agitation : overactivity of motor and cognitive overload, usually not productive and as a result of a response to the tension in the (inner tension).
Hyperactivity / hyperkinesis : anxiety and destructive activity, often accompanied by the basic pathology in the brain.
Tick : motor movements are spasmodic and unconscious.
Sleep walking ( somnambulisme ) : motor activity while asleep.
Akathisia : subjective feelings of tension to the motor as a side effect of antipsychotic medications, or other medications that can cause anxiety ; sitting and standing are alternated repeated and repeated ; can be misinterpreted as psychotic agitation.
Compulsion : uncontrollable impulse to perform repetitive actions.

Dipsomania : compulsion to drink alcohol.
Kleptomania : compulsion to steal.
Nymphomaniac.
Satiriasis.
Trichotillomania : compulsion to pull out hair.
Ritual : automatic compulsive activity in nature, lowering the original anxiety.

Ataxia : failure of muscle coordination, muscle movement irregularities.
Polyphagia : pathological overeating.

11. Hypo - activity / hypo - kinesis : motor activity and cognitive decline , such as psychomotor retardation ; slowing the mind , speech and movement that can be seen .

12. Mimicry : artificial and simple motor activity in children .

13. Aggression : stronger and directed action goals that may be verbal or physical ; motor part of the affective violence , anger or hostility .

14. Acting ( acting out ) : the direct expression of a hope or an unconscious impulse in the form of movement ; unconscious fantasy turned impulsively in behavior .

15. Abulia : decrease impulse to act and think , accompanied by indifference about the consequences of actions ; accompanied by neurological deficits .

16. Vagaboundage : like wandering the streets aimlessly .

Mental State Examination : Affect and Mood

Affect and Mood

A complex feeling state with psychic, somatic and behavioral components related to
affective and mood.

Affect

Afek is a visible expression of emotion ; may not be consistent with the emotions that said the patient.

Appropriate Affect : emotional rhythm harmonious conditions ( corresponding, synchronized) with the idea, thought or conversation that accompanies ; further described as a wide or full affect, in which a complete emotional range expressed accordingly.
Inappropriate Affect : disharmony between the emotional rhythm with ideas, thoughts or conversation.
Blunted Affect : the affective disorders manifested by severe decline in the intensity of feeling expressed rhythm out.
Restricted or constricted Affect : reduction in the intensity of the rhythm feeling less severe than the effects of blunt but clearly decreased.
Fiat Affect : no or almost no signs of affective expression ; monotonous voice, a face that does not move.
Labile Affect : feeling rhythm changes quickly and abruptly, which is not related to external stimulation.

Mood

Mood is an emotion that permeated maintained, subjectively experienced and reported by patients and seen by others. Examples are depression, elasi, anger.

Dysphoric mood : an unpleasant mood.
Euthymic Mood : mood within the normal range, suggesting the presence of depressed mood or soar.
Expansive mood : the expression of one's feelings without limitation, often with exaggerated assessment of the person's interest or significance.
Irritable mood : the feeling caused by the expression disturbed or angered easily.
Labile mood : oscillation between euphoria and depression or angered.
Elevated mood : atmosphere of confidence and pleasure ; a more cheerful mood than usual.
Euphoria : elasi strong feeling of greatness.
Ecstasy : a strong sense of excitement.
Depression : feelings of sadness that psychopathological.
Anhedonia : loss of interest and withdraw from all routine activities and fun, often accompanied by depression.
Grief ( mourning ) : sadness in accordance with the real loss.
Alexitimia : inability or difficulty in describing or being aware of one's emotions or mood.

Nursing Care Plan for Acute Psychotic

Definition of Acute Psychotic

Psychotic is mental disorder characterized by the inability of the individual to assess what actually happened, for example, there are hallucinations, delusions or chaotic behavior / weird.

Clinical Manifestations

The behavior exhibited by the patient are:

Hearing voices no source.
Belief or fear that weird / absurd.
Confusion or disorientation.
Changes in behavior ; be strange or scary as aloof, heightened scrutiny, threatening themselves, other people or the environment, to talk and laugh and get angry or hit for no reason.

Brief psychotic disorder symptoms always include at least one major psychotic symptoms, usually with sudden onset, but not always incorporate the overall pattern of symptoms found in schizophrenia. Some clinicians have observed that affective symptoms, confusion and concentration problems may be more often found in a brief psychotic disorder rather than a chronic psychotic disorder. Symptoms characteristic for brief psychotic disorder is an emotional change, clothing or bizarre behavior, yelling screaming or silent, and impaired memory for recent events occurred. Some of these symptoms are found in disorders that direct and clear diagnosis of delirium requires a complete organic inspection, although the result may be negative.

Mental status examination is usually present with severe psychotic agitation that may be associated with bizarre behavior, uncooperative, aggressive physical or verbal, irregular speak, shout or silence, labile mood or depression, suicide, kill thoughts or behavior, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, disorientation, impaired attention, impaired concentration, memory impairment, and poor insight.

As in acute psychiatric patients, a history which is necessary to make the diagnosis may not be obtained only from the patient. Despite the presence of psychotic symptoms may be obvious, information on prodromal symptoms, previous episodes of a mood disorder, and a history of ingestion of a recently psychotomimetic substances may not be obtained from clinical interviews alone. In addition, clinical may not be able to obtain accurate information about the presence or absence of precipitating stressor.

The most obvious example is the originator of stresos major life events that can cause significant emotional anger in each person. The event is the death of a close family member and a heavy vehicle accidents. Some argue that the severity of clinical events should be considered in relation to the patient's life. Although this view has a reason, but it may expand the definition to include precipitating stressor events that are not associated with psychotic episodes. Other clinicians argue that stressors may be a sequence of events that cause stress are, rather than single events that give rise to stress the obvious. But the sum of the degree of stress caused by the sequence of events requires a degree of clinical judgment almost impossible.

Diagnosis

For a definite diagnosis of symptoms of acute psychotic disorders are as follows :

Hallucinations (false sensory perceptions or imagined : for instance, no one heard a sound source or see something that no object).
Delusions (strongly held idea that a real one and can not be accepted by social groups of patients, such as patients believe that they are poisoned by a neighbor, receiving messages from the television, or was observed / supervised by someone else).
Agitation or bizarre behavior.
Talks strange or chaotic (disorganization).
Unstable emotional state and extreme (irritable).

Nursing Care Plan for Acute Psychotic

Maintaining patient safety and care of individuals, things to do :

Family or friends should accompany the patient.
Basic needs of patients are met (eg, eating, drinking, elimination, and hygiene).
Be careful that the patient does not get injured.

Counseling patients and families :

Help families identify aspects of the law relating to psychiatric treatment include: patient rights, obligations and responsibilities of the family in the treatment of patients.
Assist patients and families to reduce the stress and contact with the stressor.
Motivation of patients to perform activities of daily living after symptoms improve.

Nursing Care Plan for Crohn's Disease

Crohn's disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of any part of the digestive tract starts from mouth to anus. Crohn's disease typically affects the ileum, the lower part of the small intestine. This condition occurs when the immune system reacts abnormally, attack bacteria, food, and other substances improperly, which causes the accumulation of white blood cells in the lining of the intestine.

Cause of Crohn 's disease is unknown. The study focused on three possible causes, namely :
1. Immune system dysfunction
2. Infection
3. Food

Although not found the presence of autoantibodies, regional enteritis is thought to be a hypersensitivity reaction or may be caused by an unknown infectious agent. These theories put forward because of the granulomatous lesions similar to lesions found in fungi and pulmonary tuberculosis. There are some interesting similarities between regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis. Both are inflammatory diseases, although the lesions is different. Both of these diseases have manifestations outside the digestive tract ; uveitis, arthritis and skin lesions were identical.

Crohn's disease that attacks the digestive system can cause a variety of complications, one of which is certainly disorders of the gut or digestive system. Crohn 's disease can cause a thickening or swelling of the intestinal wall, and this can cause blockage in the intestines. Finally, disturbed digestive system, intestines can not absorb nutrients from food, such as protein, vitamins, calories, and minerals.

Other complications that may arise as a result of Crohn 's disease is osteoporosis, anemia can cause fatigue, impaired liver function, cancer of the colon, toxic megacolon, kidney stone disease, or arthritis.

The main symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss . Often obtained malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and there may be subfebrile fever. Occur suddenly, can resemble obstruction and appendicitis. At regional enteritis, the onset of symptoms is usually hidden, with persistent abdominal pain and diarrhea that does not go away with defecation. Diarrhea occurred in 90 % of patients. Scar tissue and granuloma formation affects the ability of the intestine to transport the products of digestion upper intestine, through the lumen constriction, resulting in a cramping abdominal pain. Because the intestinal peristaltic stimulated by food, cramping pain occurs after eating. To avoid this cramping pain, patients tend to limit food intake, reducing the amount and types of food so that the normal nutritional needs are not met. The result is weight loss, malnutrition, and anemia secondary. In addition, the formation of ulcers in the lining membrane of the intestine and the place of inflammation, discharge will produce a constant irritant to the colon that are drawn from the thin intestine, swollen, which causes chronic diarrhea. Nutritional deficiencies may occur due to impaired absorption. The result is that the individual be thin because of inadequate food intake and fluid lost continuously. In some patients, inflamed bowel can be perforated and anal abscess formation, and intra-abdominal. Fever and leukocytosis. Abscesses, fistulas, and fissures are common. Clinical course and symptoms vary. In some patients there were periods of remission and exacerbation, while others follow the weight causes illness. Symptoms extends throughout the gastrointestinal tract and generally include joint problems (arthritis), skin lesions (erythema nodosum), ocular disorders (conjunctivitis), and oral ulcers.

Nursing Diagnosis for Crohn's Disease

1. Pain related to irritable initestinal, abdominal cramps and surgical response.
2. Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances related to discharge of excessive vomiting.
3. Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to the inadequate nutritional intake secondary to pain, stomach and intestinal inconveniences.
4. Risk for infection related to post- surgical wound.
5. Anxiety related to the prognosis of the disease and surgical plan.

Risk for Fluid Volume Excess and Activity Intolerance related to CHF

Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Nursing Diagnosis : Risk for Excess Fluid Volume ; extravascular related to decreased renal perfusion, increased sodium / water retention, increased hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in plasma protein (absorbing fluid in the interstitial area / tissue).

Goal :
Fluid volume balance can be maintained.

Outcomes :

Maintaining fluid balance as evidenced by blood pressure within normal limits, no peripheral venous distention / vein and dependent edema, pulmonary clean and ideal weight.

Intervention :

Measure input / output, note the decline, expenditure, the nature of concentration, calculate fluid balance.
Observation of dependent edema.
Measure body weight per day.
Maintain fluid intake in cardiovascular tolerance.
Collaboration: the low-sodium diet, give diuretics.
Assess the JVP after diuretic therapy.
Monitor CVP and blood pressure.

Nursing Diagnosis : Activity Intolerance related to imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, the presence of ischemic / necrotic myocardial tissue.

possibility evidenced by :

cardiac frequency interference,
occurrence of dysrhythmias and general weakness.

Goal :
There was an increase in the client's activity tolerance after nursing actions implemented.

outcomes :

Heart rate ; 60-100 X / min,
Blood pressure ; 120/80 mmHg

Intervention :

Record the heart rate , rhythm and change in BP during and after activity.
Increase rest (in bed).
Limit activity on the basis of pain and provide sensory activities that are not heavy.
Describe the pattern of a gradual increase in the level of activity, for example ; get up from the chair in the absence of pain, ambulation and rest for 1 hour after eating.

Disturbed Sleep Pattern and Risk for Injury related to BPH

Nursing Care Plan for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Nursing Diagnosis for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia : Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to pain / surgery effects.

Goal : The need for sleep and rest are met.

Outcomes :

Clients are able to rest / sleep within a reasonable time.
Clients are able to express sleep.
Clients are able to explain the factors inhibiting sleep.

Interventions :

1. Explain to the client and family causes sleep disturbance and possible ways to avoid.
R / improve knowledge so that the client be cooperative , in the act of nursing.

2. Create a supportive atmosphere, quiet atmosphere with reduced noise.
R / Quiet atmosphere will support the rest.

3. Give the client the opportunity to reveal the causes of sleep disorders.
R / Determine a plan to overcome interference.

4. Collaboration with physicians for the administration of drugs that can reduce pain (analgesic).
R / Reduce pain so clients can rest enough.

Nursing Diagnosis Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia : Risk for injury : bleeding related to surgery.

Goal : There was no bleeding.

Outcomes :
The client does not show signs of bleeding.
Vital signs within normal limits.
Urine smoothly through the catheter.

Interventions :

1. Explain to the client about the cause of bleeding after surgery and signs of bleeding.
R / : Reduce client anxiety and knowing the signs of bleeding.

2. Irrigation catheter flow if it detects the presence of a clot in the catheter tract.
R / : Clots can clog the catheter, causing stretching and bleeding of the bladder.

3. Provide a diet high in fiber and provide the drug to facilitate defecation.
R / : With increasing pressure on the prostatic fossa will precipitate bleeding.

4. Prevent the use of a rectal thermometer, rectal examination, for at least one week.
R / : May cause bleeding of the prostate.

Nursing Diagnosis related to Fluid and Electrolyte

Fluid and Electrolyte

1. Deficient Fluid volume: less than body requirements related to excessive fluid output.

Intervention:

Observation of vital signs.
Observed signs of dehydration.
Measure the input and output of fluid (fluid balance).
Provide and encourage families to give drink plenty of approximately 2000 - 2500 cc per day.
Collaboration with physicians in the delivery of fluid therapy, electrolyte laboratory examination.
Collaboration with a team of nutrition in low-sodium fluid administration.

2. Risk for Deficient fluid volume related to insufficient fluid intake, excessive discharge (vomiting / nausea).

Intervention:

Record the number of vomiting and bleeding characteristics.
Assess vital signs (BP, pulse, temperature).
Monitor fluid intake and output.
Elevate the head for taking medication.
Give saturated liquid / soft if the input starts again, avoid caffeinated and carbonated beverages.
Maintain bed rest.
Collaboration with fluid administration as indicated.

3. Risk for ineffective airway clearance related to the operative incision site.

Intervention:

Give analgesics as prescribed.
Fixation incision with both hands or a pillow to help patients when they cough.
Encourage the use of Incentive spirometer if there is an indication.
Help and encourage early ambulation.
Help the patient to change positions frequently.

4. Disturbed Body Image related to changes in appearance secondary to loss of body parts.

Intervention:

Encourage the patient to express feelings, especially about the thoughts, feelings, views of self. Rational: Helping patients to be aware of unusual feelings.
Note withdrawing behavior. Increased dependency, manipulation or not involved in treatment. Rational: Alleged problems in assessment can require follow-up evaluation and more rigorous therapy.
Maintain a positive approach during maintenance activities. Rational: Help the patient / person closest to accept changes in their own bodies and feel good about themselves.

Nursing Diagnosis for Urinary / Bowel Elimination : Diarrhea, Constipation

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis for Urinary / Bowel Elimination : Diarrhea, Constipation

1. Alteration in Bowel Elimination : Diarrhea

Intervention:

Help need for defecation (if bed rest to prepare the necessary tools near the bed, attach the curtains and immediately dispose of faeces after defecation).
Increase / maintain fluid intake by mouth.
Teach about the foods and drinks that can worsen / precipitate diarrhea.
Observation and record the frequency of defecation, fecal volume and characteristics.
Observation fever, tachycardia, lethargy, leukocytosis, decreased serum protein, anxiety and lethargy.
Collaboration of appropriate medication therapy program (antibiotics, anticholinergics, corticosteroids).

2. Alteration in Bowel Elimination : Constipation

Intervention:

Encourage lots of drinking with ambulation dinikolab laxative administration.
Rationalization:
Many drinks can help dissolve the stool with ambulation reduce constipation.
Formation of stools soft launch.

3. Alteration in Bowel Elimination: Constipation related to neurological disorders of the intestine and rectum.

Intervention:

Auscultation of bowel sounds, note the location and characteristics. Rational: bowel sounds may be absent during spinal shock.
Observe for abdominal distention.
Note the presence of complaints of nausea and want to vomit, pairs of NGT. Rational: gantrointentinal and gastric bleeding may occur due to trauma and stress.
Provide a balanced diet high in calories and protein; Liquid. Rational: improving stool consistency.
Give laxatives to order. Rational: stimulate the intestines.

4. Altered Urinary Elimination related to the drainage of urine.

Intervention:

Assess urine drainage system immediately.
Assess the adequacy of urine output and drainage system patency.
Use aseptic procedures and washing hands when providing care and action.
Maintain a closed urine drainage system.
If irrigation is needed and prescribed, do this action carefully using sterile saline.
Assist patients in the mobilization.
Observation of color, smell and consistency of urine volume.
Reduce trauma and manipulation of catheters, drainage system and urethra.
Clean the catheter carefully.
Maintain adequate fluid intake.

5. Impaired Urinary Elimination

Intervention:

Observation of the bladder.
Encourage regular bowel movements.
Give warm compresses.
Rationalization:
The content of urinary maintain contractions or uterine involution.
Urine retained causes infection.
Relaxation springter urine.

6. Altered Urinary Elimination related to paralysis of the urinary condition.

Intervention:

Assess the pattern of urination, and record urine output per hour.
Rationale: determine kidney function.
Palpation of the possibility of bladder distension.
Instruct the patient to drink a 2000 cc / day.
Rationale: helps maintain kidney function.
Attach the catheter Dower.
Rational assist the process of urine.

7. Constipation
Intervention:

Observation bowel sounds periodically.
Suggest to increase fluid intake at least 2 liters a day when no contra indications.
Increase activity on a regular basis.
For the provision of appropriate therapy, investigation is needed.
Dietis team collaboration for the provision of a balanced diet and high in fiber.

Causes of Diarrhea : Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa and Helminth

Cause of Diarrhea: (Tantivanich, 2002; Sirivichayakul, 2002; Pitisuttithum, 2002)

1. Virus:
Is the highest cause of acute diarrhea in children (70-80%). Some types of viruses that cause acute diarrhea:

Rotavirus serotypes 1,2,8, and 9: in humans. Serotype 3 and 4 were found in animals and humans. And serotypes 5,6, and 7 were found only in animals.
Norwalk virus: present in all ages, generally due to food borne or water borne transmission, and the transmission can also occur person to person.
Astrovirus, found in children and adults
Adenovirus (type 40, 41)
Small bowel structured viruses
Cytomegalovirus

2 Bacteria:

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Have two important virulence factor is a factor that causes bacterial colonization is attached to the enterocytes of the small intestine and enterotoxin (heat labile (HL) and heat stabile (ST) which causes the secretion of fluid and electrolytes that produce watery diarrhea. ETEC causes no damage to brush border or invade the mucosa.
Enterophatogenic E. coli (EPEC). The mechanism of diarrhea is not clear. Found the process of attachment of EPEC to intestinal epithelial damage of membrane micro-villi which would disturb the surface absorption and disaccharidase activity.
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC). These bacteria are strongly attached to the mucosa of the small intestine and causes typical morphological changes. How does the mechanism of the onset of diarrhea is still unclear, but it may play a role cytotoxins.
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). In serologic and biochemical similar to Shigella. Such as Shigella, EIEC penetrate and multiply within colonic epithelial cells.
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). EHEC producing verocytotoxin (VT) 1 and 2, which is also called Shiga-like toxin that causes diffuse edema and bleeding in the colon. In children often progress to hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
Shigella spp. Shigella invade and multiply within colonic epithelial cells, causing cell death and the onset of mucosal ulceration. Shigella rarely enter into the bloodstream. Virulence factors including: smooth cell-wall lipopolysaccharide antigen and endotoxin activity has helped the process of invasion and toxin (Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin) that are cytotoxic and neurotoxic and may cause watery diarrhea.
Campylobacter jejuni (Helicobacter jejuni). Humans become infected through direct contact with animals (birds, dogs, cats, sheep and pigs) or with animal feces through contaminated food such as chicken and water. Sometimes the infection can be spread through direct person to person contact. C.jejuni may cause diarrhea by invasion into the small intestine and colon great.There 2 types of toxin produced, the heat-labile cytotoxin and enterotoxin. Histopathological changes that occur similar to the process of ulcerative colitis.
Vibrio cholerae 01 and V.cholerae 0139. water or food contaminated with this bacteria will transmit cholera. Through person to person transmission is rare.
V.cholerae attached and proliferated on the mucosa of the small intestine and produces an enterotoxin that causes diarrhea. Cholera toxin is very similar to the heat-labile toxin (LT) of ETEC. The last discovery of the existence of other enterotoxin that has its own characteristics, such as the accessory cholera enterotoxin (ACE) and zonular occludens toxin (ZOT). Both of these toxins cause fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen.
Salmonella (non-typhoid). Salmonella can invade intestinal epithelial cells. Produced enterotoxin causing diarrhea. If there is damage that causes mucosal ulcers, bloody diarrhea will occur.

3. Protozoa:

Giardia lamblia. This parasite infects the small intestine. Patogensis mechanism remains unclear, but is believed to affect the absorption and metabolism of bile acids. Transmission through the fecal-oral route. Host-parasite interactions is affected by age, nutritional status, endemicity, and immune status. Areas with high endemicity, giardiasis can be asymptomatic, chronic, persistent diarrhea with or without malabsorption. In areas with low endemicity, outbreaks can occur within 5-8 days after exposure to the manifestation of acute diarrhea is accompanied by nausea, epigastric pain and anorexia. Sometimes encountered malabsorption with faty stools, abdominal pain and bloated.
Entamoeba histolytica. Dysentery amoeba prevalence varies, but its spread throughout the world. The incidence increases with age, and teranak in adult males. Approximately 90% of asymptomatic infections caused by non-pathogenic E.histolytica (E.dispar). Symptomatic amebiasis can be mild and persistent diarrhea to fulminant dysentery.
Cryptosporidium. In developing countries, cryptosporidiosis 5-15% of cases of diarrhea in children. The infection is usually symptomatic and asymptomatic infants in older children and adults. Clinical symptoms of acute diarrhea with watery type of diarrhea, usually mild and self-limited. In people with impaired immune systems such as AIDS patients, cryptosporidiosis is a reemerging disease with more severe diarrhea and resistant to some antibiotics.
Microsporidium spp
Isospora belli
Cyclospora cayatanensis

4. Helminths:

Strongyloides stercoralis. Abnormalities in intestinal mucosa caused by adult worms and larvae, causing diarrhea.
Schistosoma spp. The blood worms cause abnormalities in various organs including the intestinal manifestations, including diarrhea and intestinal bleeding.
Capilaria philippinensis. This worm is found in the small intestine, especially jejunu, causing inflammation and villous atrophy with clinical symptoms of watery diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Trichuris trichuria. Adult worms live in the colon, caecum, and appendix. Severe infections can cause bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain.

Pathophysiology of Diarrhea - NCP

Pathophysiology of Diarrhea

The main function of the gastrointestinal tract is preparing food for living cells, the secretion of bile from the liver restriction and expenditure leftover food that is not digested. This function requires a variety of diverse physiological processes of digestion, the digestive activity can be either: (Sommers, 1994; Noerasid, 1999 cit Sinthamurniwaty 2006)

The process of entry of food from the mouth into the intestine.
The process of chewing (mastication): smoothing the food chewing and mixing with enzymes in the oral cavity.
The process of swallowing food (diglution): the movement of food from the mouth to the stomach.
Digestion: mechanical destruction of food, food ingredients mixing and hydrolysis by enzymes.
Food absorption (absorption): food molecules traveling through the mucous membranes of the intestines into the blood and lymph circulation.
Peristalsis: rhythmic movements of the intestinal wall in the form of a wave of contraction that moves food from the stomach to the distal.
Bowel movements (defecation): disposal of food waste in the form of feces.
Under normal circumstances where the effective functioning digestive tract will produce as much fecal residues 50-100 grams a day and water containing as much as 60-80%. In the gastrointestinal tract, fluid passively following movement of bidirectional transmucosal or longitudinal intraluminal with solid electrolytes and other substances that have active osmotic properties. The fluid that was in the gastrointestinal tract consists of the incoming fluid by mouth, saliva, gastric secretions, bile, pancreatic secretions and intestinal secretions smooth. The liquid is absorbed by the small intestine, and large intestine reabsorbs subsequent intestinal fluid, so that the remaining approximately 50-100 g as a stool.

Motility of the small intestine has the function to:

Regularly move the bolus of food from the stomach to the cecum.
Mix chyme with pancreatic enzymes and bile.
Prevent bacteria to breed.

Physiological factors that cause diarrhea are very closely related to each other. For example, the increase in the intraluminal fluid will cause the intestine stimulated mechanically, thus increasing intestinal peristalsis and will speed up the time trajectory of chyme in the gut. This condition will shorten the time to touch chyme with intestinal mucous membrane, so that the absorption of water, electrolytes and other substances will be impaired.

Nursing Diagnosis Intervention